Vendelbo, M.F. One can imagine that all these things give CEOs and CTOs of major chemical companies headaches. We want to hear from you. The combined average AT&C losses of all the states in October 2018 stood at 25.41% and has seen an improvement to 19.72% as on December 2018. different types of chemicals used, various processing steps involved & the hardware used in the plant. For example, for the production of ethylene in a process called steam cracking temperatures as high as 900C are required with a power input of several 100MW.11 This implies different technologies, different concepts, and different materials compared to power-2-X (P2X) concepts,12 where electricity is used directly. To make that a bit more tangible with hydrogen as example electrolysis with renewable electricity would result in zero Scope 2 emissions, while if gray electricity would be used the Scope 2 emissions would become enormous. Falinski, W. Shi, P. Coish, D.L. A handful of chemical processes (ammonia, nitric acid, methanol, olefins, aromatics, and chlor-alkali) account for 65% of those emissions. Emissions from road vehicles alone are thought to cause about 50,000 premature . Jaramillo, A non-precious metal hydrogen catalyst in a commercial polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser. This also applies to conductive or inductive heating of the furnace tubes. Chem. In short, the GHG protocol is a bookkeeping system that divides the emissions in three categories: Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3. Open access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Even though requiring adaptations to the current technology (i.e., hydrogen combustion is fundamentally different from conventional fuels, such as methane), it would lead to significant reductions in the GHG emissions. The question is which chemical building blocks can be made in an effective manner, according to the e-Chemistree of Figure2, to make sure that we can make the wide variety of chemicals, fuels, and materials needed for our future-renewable society. By using renewable electricity sources, hydrogen production becomes free of carbon emissions. 49, 6632 (2020), H. Peng, M.T. Try logging in through your library or institution to get access to these tools. With 20 + years of experience, delivering novel continuous processtechnologyis one of our core capabilities here at C-Tech Innovation. Pedersen, Y. Katayama, J. Hwang, A. Mehta, H. You, J.R. Lunger, H. Zhou, N.B. B/qVvqwhW3H1mCIolcU7PQ==:/bQBUQkdKUQ3nRx+w6BKpl6e1HXJGOAza4rgUluPCmgQEdxJJuDydstp95U/oSJ5xtSjGLUqi1ricbsAZtY7oeQIQ3BYV9YekRf4Nloxm7pkDPVo8E+pp5H6sUHRa6bpnjkXP/8puBCsnHJzcwrYWDd4vtZJISponkH0W24pZG3GeO6mgv+DUT+5WKGlkmYlypIOS/gSYcODCPKiE94Hc6QPhv/NnbdafHnrYsuItkKljGOBxprFjmerTs5gUwwQAooWgMGxI5ekZiwFb0lpP0IMblnPWJz8NctejxhgyeEpMT2W5hSNTUMhq+tNk8Aco+ssqHH+3UGCaJOCehUfEuI63BAMwPHjocIz/sXuUuDoocMvHa56NM1MeVYByo3OtYEGTBaxMX2tIYhHdnZatA==. Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon electricity is at the core of this challenge; however, the aggregate electrification potential and resulting system-wide CO 2 reductions for diverse industrial processes are unknown. Article. Recently, An et al.57 have used In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and AFM to investigate the rapid changes taking place at a Cu electrode surface during CO2RR. In processes such as steam cracking, which is the dominant process for the production of ethylene, propylene, 1,3-butadiene, and aromatics, the Scope 3 emissions are higher than the sum of Scope 1 and 2 emissions if a fossil feedstock is used. Chatman, J.C. Peters, T.F. You must be logged in to view this content. the ability to transduce electrical energy into chemical bonds provides a method for storing electrical energy that helps overcome the intermittency of sources such as solar and wind. Renew. CAS 3, 516 (2020), Y.-F. Huang, P.J. The switch from industrial boilers and industrial coal kilns to electric boilers contributes to the reduction of direct coal burning. Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries.. Classically, people would think of heat pumps or boilers but in the chemical industry higher temperatures are needed. The chemical industry is often known to be not very agile. As well as these advantages, electrifying production brings benefits to the environment, such as reduced CO emissions through more efficient use of heat, the option to use energy from a renewable source and long-term production sustainability. Electrification of the process industry is one of the possible transition pathways to contribute to a sustainable energy supply, assuming that complete sustainable or CO2-neutral . A shift toward sustainable products, regionalization, and emerging value pools offers an opportunity to fulfill Mexico's potential. Int. Dream or reality? Simplified for most chemical processes, Scope 1 is related to the process itself, Scope 2 is related to the electricity used, Scope 3 is related to the feedstock production and transport. Almind, J.S. 2 Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, have become increasingly prevalent and helped drive . Better understanding of process engineering fundamentals and process dynamics will enable the design of improved process control structures for intensified processes. Adopting continuous manufacturing methods by integrating more modern and sustainable electrical heating technologies is key to achieving low carbon goals. To make optimal use of this transition pathway, system and process innovations are necessary. This presentation provides overview of Chemical Process Industry. Koper, Intermediate stages of electrochemical oxidation of single-crystalline platinum revealed by In situ Raman spectroscopy. Sun, Innovative strategies for electrocatalytic water splitting. The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia exhibits several advantageous characteristics compared to the Haber-Bosch process. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) also holds great promise for sustainable energy conversion and storage.49,50,51,52 If this process could be realized at a reasonable cost and efficiency, e-chemicals and e-fuels could be made in a sustainable way, thus allowing for a closed-loop cycle for carbon, as shown in Figure1.53 In particular, the production of C2 products, such as ethylene and ethanol, would be attractive for applications in energy storage and conversion as well as for the manufacturing of chemicals,54 although C1 products, such as formate, would also open many possibilities. Also in the e-chemistree, shown in Figure2, this relatively small group of key products, which are in turn produced from a limited amount of raw materials, are the stable foundation on which the many branches of the chemical industry (dyes, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and coatings), with their many thousands of often only short-lived end products, are based. Hydrogen is the best example where numerous P2H and P2X options have been advocated, as schematically illustrated in Figure3. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Electrification of the process industry is one of the possible transition pathways to contribute to a sustainable energy supply, assuming that complete sustainable or CO 2 -neutral electricity will become available in the future. Industries and energy players must understand the massive transformations that industrial process electrification will create in terms of new green power sources, new ways of operating industrial plants with electrified processes supporting business continuity in uncertain times, and new ways to participate in the prosumer-centric energy future. Rev. Process intensification and electrification of the chemical industry Process intensification and electrification of the chemical industry Tom Van Gerven tom.vangerven@kuleuven.be Current energy use in chemical industry Chemical industry, metal, pulp & paper, textile and similar sectors are energy-intensive industries The field of electrochemistry revolves around the use of chemical compounds for the large-scale storage of energy and, conversely, the large-scale production of organic chemicals using electricity, instead of by burning fossil fuels. Recently, Wijten et al. to tackle climate change the necessity of electrification has been agreed and understood by many energy experts [1], but it seems to be contradictory to conventional wisdom: electricity generation and transmission involve substantial energy losses and thus its application as a heat source in chemical industry is less efficient than onsite Electrification of the Chemical Manufacturing Industry, Continous Processing/Flow Chemistry Solutions, Vanadium Electrolyte Production Equipment, Electrochemical Decontamination For The Nuclear Industry, Decarbonising the Steel Industry with Hybrid Microwave and Hydrogen Technology, Two Step Change Technologies that Offer a Significant Reduction in the Cost of Nuclear Decommissioning. The electrification of thermal processes will have a key role in the decarbonisation of industry sectors, in light of the goals set from COP26, companies in this sector need to be willing to adapt and must make significant changes in their current processes to reduce their overall carbon footprint. Wijten, J.C.L. In this context, the growing generation of electricity from renewable sources will lead to an increasing electrification of chemistry. Toward an e-chemistree: Materials for electrification of the chemical industry. Eriksen, K. Aasberg-Petersen, C. Frandsen, I. Chorkendorff, P.M. Mortensen, Electrified methane reforming: a compact approach to greener industrial hydrogen production. It is a priori clear that a completely electrified chemical industry will not happen overnight. Try and log in through your institution to see if they have access to the full text. Electrification refers to replacingconventional processesthat use fossil fuelswithtechnologiesthatuseelectricity. A reference process, with a basis of 400,000 tonne per annum, is first simulated in Aspen Plus to producemethanol via traditional natural gas reforming. Goals of the emerging area of green chemistry are to save energy and to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals as much as possible. Int. Van Geem, Sustainable innovations in steam cracking: CO2 neutral olefin production. But there is more than economics, given government interventions some of the process options could actually make sense. Recent characterization studies have found that catalyst components may either be oxidized or leached into the electrolyte solution, and that electrocatalysts turn from their precursor state into their active state during the HER and OER reaction. Van Geem, G.B. Plata, P.T. As 70% of the energy consumed in process industries is provided by the combustion of fossil fuels ( Madeddu et al., 2020 ), considerable attention has been paid to electrification as a means of a realistic option for industrial decarbonization. Ferrer, S.M. 7 when asked how these goals could be met, 64% of manufacturing leaders cited plans to leverage partnerships and joint ventures to transition toward a sustainable future, while 61% will rely on outsourcing However, H2O electrolysis has to be further improved to be fully deployed at the large scale and to be fully competitive with current production processes based on fossil resources. Stamenkovic, N.M. Markovic, Dynamic stability of active sites in hydr(oxy)oxides for the oxygen evolution reaction. Wismann, J.S. Marin, K.M. Chem. Anastas, The Green ChemisTREE: 20 years after taking root with the 12 principles. He is an author of numerous reports, including the most recent ACEEE report, "Beneficial Electrification in Industry." To Dig in Deeper, Check out these Must-Read Resources: Tang, X. Liu, P. Schlexer Lamoureux, M. Bajdich, F. Abild-Pedersen, The role of atomic carbon in directing electrochemical CO(2) reduction to multicarbon products. Lee, J. Na, U. Lee, Y.J. Pincus, M.M. Today (2020), A.V. Spodobin, G.V. Van Geem, Dream or reality? Due to our increasing awareness of the impact of climate change on our society, unit operations in our manufacturing processes, including those in chemical industry, have to be greenified and made less dependent of fossil resources. Kooyman, M.T.M. Rev. Thus, the overarching goal has a high societal impact and requires a center approach because of the complexity of goals and diversity of disciplines needed to achieve the vision . Vedant Pradeep is a chemical engineer by training and the cofounder of Reframe, a mobile application that helps users overcome addictions such as alcoholism. (2010), H.C. Erythropel, J.B. Zimmerman, T.M. With multiple global projects involving a variety of industries our technologyisleadingthe way in process electrification. 60, 16576 (2021), Y.J. Kondratenko, G. Mul, J. Baltrusaitis, G.O. AIChE Revises Statement on Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion; National Academy of Engineering Elects AIChE Members to 2021 Class; In Memoriam: Three AIChE Fellows. Copyright American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 9863 views. Kevin M. Van Geem. However still meets critical temperature requirements for many production industries (such as pharmaceutical and chemical),whilst reducing overall footprint. It is clear that decarbonization of the chemical industry strictly speaking is not realistic as most of the chemicals contain carbon. Rather than using electricity from solar cells to enable the electrochemical production of hydrogen and carbon compounds, these technologies combine everything necessary in an integrated conversion system to go directly from sunlight to the final chemical product of choice. Transition of a fossil-based chemical industry (Fossil Chemistree) to an electrified chemical industry (e-chemistree). Soc. The Dutch process industry accounts for approximately 46% of total energy use in the Netherlands and is therefore an important player in the energy transition. Illustration of a sustainable energy system based on multi-step renewable power conversion where green electricity directly serves to drive conversion of the renewable feedstock into hydrogen and carbon-based molecules following the principles of green catalysis and engineering. As illustrated in e-chemistree, the production of fuels and chemicals from green electricity, the so-called e-fuels and e-chemicals, such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, ethylene, and methanol, will likely be key elements of an electrified chemical industry. Introduction Process Industries We support the global process industry in Pulp & Paper, Chemicals, Biobased solutions and biorefining, Mining & Metals, Food & Beverage as well as other process industries. Please use this url to cite or link to this publication: Peng, P. Lucas, K.M. Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries Electricity could be the key to the next industrial revolution. Of the 18 warmest years, 17 have occurred since 2000. A new approach to innovation is needed to ensure successful development and implementation of intensified projects. Chem. Jankovi, Q. Tu, L.N. Data sourced from (4). Do you have any questions regarding the use of the Academic Bibliography. Kool, W.Q. Google Scholar, R.F. Chemsuschem 13, 3172 (2020), J.H.J. We are on the verge of a new era for the chemical industry. Over the same period, the global direct industrial CO2 emissions increased even more, by about 3.7% per year (3). Science 332, 25 (2011), I. Amghizar, L.A. Vandewalle, K.M. Surf. For the chemical industry where do these emissions come from? Electrification of industrial processes is one of the frequently discussed options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy-intensive industries. Dream or Reality? Strategies to achieve emissions targets include phasing out nonrenewable energy resources; transitioning to a circular economy; greening electricity production; and electrifying heating, transportation, and industrial processes (1, 2). J. Phys. Joining AIChE gives you access to an amazing network of top professionals in chemical engineering and related fields. Green Chem. If you log in through your library or institution you might have access to this article in multiple languages. Surov, S.D. One reflection that needs to be made about hydrogen is that today a hydrogen economy is not embraced by all actors. Educational Stages. Simply click here to connect instantly to licensing services, where you can choose from a list of options regarding how you would like to reuse the desired content and complete the transaction. Note that this GHG protocol will also be used to make decisions related to which materials that will be used in the processes itself. Other advantages come from process intensification. No problem. Res. Soc. industry and transport. Energy Environ. This means also during periods when green electricity is very expensive or not available. In chemical synthesis, it can also more elegantly supply reaction energy through electrochemistry. On April 12, 2004, a plant in Dalton, GA, attempted a first production batch of triallyl cyanurate. While it's possible to electrify most (land) mobility and low-temperature heat generation, there's no plausible profitable path to replace burning fossil fuels with renewable power production since the cost of electricity on average is 4.4 times the cost of heat. To explore deep decarbonisation scenarios for the demand of the Dutch heavy industry in 2050, through electrification of the production of basic materials and transportation fuels identify the technical feasibility, required feedstock and energy potentials and pros and cons of different electrification pathways 3 Powered by: TNO & ECN 4 Chem. Angew. (Published version). The two main categories of process electrification are: Process heating: This is the heat that powers manufacturing, such as furnaces, steam boilers, and gas-fired heaters. Ed. The latter partly explains why P2H will be the first step in the electrification of the chemical industry. 44, 5148 (2015), L. Han, S. Dong, E. Wang, Transition-metal (Co, Ni, and Fe)-based electrocatalysts for the water oxidation reaction. One pathway to electrification is switching from batch heating processes to continuous flow, this technology saves on cost, energy and time. The framework is based upon pinch analysis energy . As investments are depreciated over decades, it is clear that the dominant processes that are in place today for large volume chemicals will be the same until at least 2030. Dijkman, B.M. J. Hydrogen Energy 46, 13729 (2021), S. Renda, M. Cortese, G. Iervolino, M. Martino, E. Meloni, V. Palma, Electrically driven SiC-based structured catalysts for intensified reforming processes. In an effort to curb such emissions, the 2016 Paris Agreement set targets to limit global wanning well below 2C (relative to preindustrial levels) <1), which will require a complete transfonnation of industry (5). Fuel 203, 1007 (2017), K. Verbeeck, L.C. One can only imagine the panic in many board rooms to meet this binding target. Greenhouse gas protocol and illustration of Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions. Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, https://www.aiche.org/resources/publications/cep/2021/march/dream-or-reality-electrification-chemical-process-industries, full text 7, 12440 (2016), J.H.K. Large-scale chemical processes can simply not be turned on and off, definitely not in a wink of an eye, but getting back on spec takes weeks. For hydrogen, a distinction must be made between production processes that require pure hydrogen, such as ammonia, or processes that build on syngas, such as methanol. DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Houston - Greenway Plaza, Houston, TX, Palmer House a Hilton Hotel, 17 E Monroe St, Chicago, IL 60603, Hotel Amari Pattaya, 240 Beach Rd, Pattaya City, Bang Lamung District, Chon Buri 20150, Thailand, Institute for Learning & Innovation (ILI), Disability & Outreach and Inclusion Community (DORIC), Dream or Reality? Electrification of high-temperature range processes such as those found in iron, steel, and cement making Replacing thermally-driven processes with electrochemical ones Low-Carbon Fuels, Feedstocks, and Energy Sources (LCFFES): Substituting low-and no-carbon fuel and feedstocks reduces combustion associated emissions for industrial processes. To decarbonize the industrial segment, electrification of industrial processes is a promising alternative. This article evaluates if the extensive electrification of the CPI is realistic, and highlights the major challenges and opportunities for electrification for the production of hydrogen and base chemicals, as well as for carbon capture and utilization. Electrification of industrial process heat: long-term applications, potentials and impacts. Wu, X. Cao, X. Huang, C. Tan, J. Tian, H. Liu, J. Wang, H. Zhang, Ni3S2 nanorods/Ni foam composite electrode with low overpotential for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Explore areas of advancement below. Machine Drive Electro-Chemical Facility HVAC Process Cooling and Refrigeration Facility Lighting Process Heating--Primary Metals Other End-Uses Electricity Use (TBtu) Manufacturing Industry End -Use 2,841 Process heating is ~ 50% of manufacturing energy use, but only 5% of process heating is electrified. 93, 178 (2018), S.T. Service, Artificial leaf turns sunlight into a cheap energy source. This requires both theoretical and experimental efforts, as well as the training of a whole new generation of materials scientists, skilled in electrosynthesis. Physical Sciences. Broader Impacts - Electrification of the chemical industry and rising renewables in the grid supply can potentially eliminate 30% of the US Industries CO 2 emissions. In the past lustrum, the two chemicals that attracted most attention in this context are ethylene and hydrogen. Subbotin, E.O. Hansen, M.G. It goes over producing using electricity for manufacture-scale heating, hydrogen for energy storage and even a rotary . Hydrogen liquefaction, on the other hand,occurs at 253C (1atm) and requires a complex technical plant that uses up to 12 kWh/kg H2. Indeed, it is simply not wise today because besides the production, also the current storage approaches are energy-intensive. Am. Today 342, 13 (2020), E. Meloni, M. Martino, A. Ricca, V. Palma, Ultracompact methane steam reforming reactor based on microwaves susceptible structured catalysts for distributed hydrogen production. 20, 1929 (2018), Article van Eeden, J.E. Weckhuysen, In situ study on Ni-Mo stability in a water-splitting device: effect of catalyst substrate and electric potential. Janssens, T. Hartman, W. van der Stam, B.M. My Research and Language Selection Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support. These emerging commodities are produced by storing renewable energy in the chemical bonds of liquid or gas fuels and chemi- cals. Lett. Technology is only an enabler. Chem. October 28, 2022 - The country's chemical sector could double in size. Marin, K.M. In the future, we need to move from data and experience for decision to model for decision and experimental design. The recent progress in the analytical tools (including the inline local temperature measurements), new enabling technologies (including high-throughput experimentation and 3D printing), and access to higher computational power bring many opportunities to achieve the goals via machine learning to design new generations of better performing and stable catalyst materials. These important but far from trivial energy and materials transitions require not only the introduction of new ways of heat management and other, often not yet fully explored, chemical conversion processes in which green electrons are used, but also the development of new materials including large-scale heating coils, easily chargeable battery systems as well as catalyst materials. Chemists' achievements inclu. Schiffer, K. Manthiram, Electrification and decarbonization of the chemical industry. This rotorstatordiffuser works as a bad compressor in which the electrically energy is via the rotor transformed into heat in combination with shock waves. Galvita, G.B. Electrification of the chemical industry mainly concerns production of fuels, (bio)plastics and fertilisers. Panel: 4. The RAPID Manufacturing Institute is helping to speed the development of PI initiatives in the CPI, including electrification (7). volume46,pages 11871196 (2021)Cite this article. The electrification of heating devices in industry could play a big role in efforts to decarbonise the global energy system, providing a low-carbon alternative to the fossil fuels that have traditionally been used to run intensive thermal processes. This paper presents a bottom-up framework to assess process electrification options for energy-intensive industrial process plants in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy costs. The IDEAL path to equity, diversity, & inclusion. Biogas, a mixture of mainly CH4 (40 to 75 vol%) and CO2 (25 to 60 vol%) typically produced via anaerobic digestion of organic waste material, is envisioned to be one of the key resources in achieving (e.g., the European Unions 2030 decarbonization and renewable energy targets). It identifies the macro trends that are driving adoption of electrification in industrial products and the impact it is having on industrial . Working across global industrial associations, he spearheaded a roadmap for the chemical industry on paths to reduce energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Electricity could be the key to the next industrial revolution. Electrification of the chemical process industries (CPI) is already gradually occurring. Kenis, Prospects of CO2 utilization via direct heterogeneous electrochemical reduction. utilizing a high-temperature plasma torch to drive a reforming reaction without a catalyst.20, This short overview of different P2H concepts illustrates that from a material point of view no drastic changes of todays situation would be needed, which is obviously a big plus. In an effort to curb such emissions, the 2016 Paris Agreement set targets to limit global warming well below 2C (relative to preindustrial levels) (1), which will require a complete transformation of industry (5). 818607 ERC OPTIMA and No. Moreover, the increasing need for green electricity is a major challenge to reduce GHG emissions of chemical processes. This will help engineering students and non-chemical engineering professionals to outline the chemical process industry w.r.t. The report's Technical Assessment provides an analysis of the current state of industrial electrification needs, the technologies available, and the potential for electrification in thirteen industrial subsectors, separately. The ongoing drive for higher efficiency and greater safety in an ever-more-stringent regulatory environment is prompting chemical makers to consider new ways to improve training of operators and other staff. Van Geem, V.V. de Winter, L. Petitjean, F. Melnikov, C.H. Res. Koper, Competition between hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction on copper electrodes in mildly acidic media. To achieve net zero industry and energy use will have to shift significantly in utilising electricity and hydrogen far more widely than in the current energy mix. For example, if a source such as plastic waste is used instead of a fossil starting material, Scope 3 emissions will be very different. Instead of trying to capture the attention of the process industry with tools, the focus should have been on using Industry 4.0 to make the right decisions, at the right times-optimizing processes, maximizing profits, and minimizing risks. Packaging the cells together into a full battery system will raise the price to less than $20 per kilowatt-hour, a level at which academics have said renewables plus storage could fully replace traditional fossil-fuel-burning power plants. In any case, if olefin production would be electrified or a catalytic alternative would be used the process needs to run 8000h per year. Eng. have acquired new insights in the effect of electrode potential, electrolyte type, and pH on MoO42 leaching in NiMo HER catalysts.46,47,48 This was possible, as illustrated in Figure5, by using, a.o., In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), which was coupled to solution UVvis spectroscopy. Kler, Y.V. Water splitting has gained a lot of attention in recent years as it provides a viable way to produce H2 and O2 from H2O with renewable electricity.27,28,29 Once this renewable hydrogen is produced at the required scale existing or very similar chemical processes can be conducted. An, L.F. Wu, L.D.B. Find out how we do it, and how we can help businesses. The product yield, on the other hand, will hardly be improved as this is limited by the allowable furnace tube skin temperature. Depending on the resources used to generate electricity, electrification can potentially reduce carbon dioxide (CO) emissions from the transportation, building, and . Electrode materials are preferentially composed of earth-abundant elements, and which are not only very selective toward the formation of key C1 and C2 intermediates, such as CO, formate, and ethylene, but also very stable. Whipple, P.J.A. Marin, Making chemicals with electricity. The RAPID Manufacturing Institute is helping to speed the development of PI initiatives in the CPI, including electrification (7). Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, You can also search for this author in Eng. Wijten, I. Garcia-Torregrosa, E.A.

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