(Eds.). Recognition and alleviation of pain in laboratory animals. In Norway, the Gene Technology Actprovides the legal framework for research on such organisms. The guidelines are dynamic and must be reviewed in line with technologicaldevelopments and the appearance of new ethical issues. The following guidelines were developed by the American Psychological Association (APA) for use by psychologists working with nonhuman animals. (1989). Consideration should be given to the possibility of using nonanimal alternatives. Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on theprotection of animals used for scientific purposes. and when applicable, the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS, 2015) and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Resource Council, 2011), as well as other applicable federal regulations, policies, and guidelines, regarding personnel, supervision, record keeping, and veterinary care. It is not the intent of the IACUC to tell you how you should feel about this topic; however, it is important that information be available to the research and animal care community so that each individual can explore these topics. Field study; Definition; Final Rules. NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm. American Psychological Association. Please visit the CT DPH website for more information or contact your health provider directly. Guidelines for animal-assisted interventions in healthcare facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. (2006). Researchers must berespectful when choosing their topic and methods, and when disseminatingtheir research. Theresponsibility also entails an obligation to consider the scientific quality of theexperiments and whether the experiments will have relevant scientific benefits. If no goodoptions are available, researchers should consider whether the research canbe postponed until alternative methods have been developed. Psychologists should ensure that personnel involved in their research with nonhuman animals be familiar with these guidelines. And the proper use of animals, including the avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, and pain when consistent with sound scientific practices, is imperative. Animal science research covers a wide range of disciplines and so can lead to the use of a variety of experimental techniques on animals for many different purposes. Perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery. These guidelines have been prepared by the National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT). Psychologists should adjust the parameters of aversive stimulation to the minimal levels compatible with the aims of the research. Questions about these guidelines should be referred to the APA Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE) via email at science@apa.org, by phone at 202-336-6000, or in writing to the American Psychological Association, Science Directorate, Office of Research Ethics, 750 First St., NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242. Make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness and pain of animal subjects. Ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. Procedures that employ restraint must conform to federal regulations and guidelines. Researchers should minimize and mitigate any distress on the nonhuman animal subject caused by its involvement in the study. A researcher's assessment of what is considered acceptable suffering shouldbe based on the animals that suffer the most. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, Lefebvre, S. L., Peregrine, A. S., Golab, G. C., Gumley, N. R., WaltnerToews, D., & Weese, J. S. (2008). Investigators studying AAIs in health-care settings should therefore adhere to the guidelines for AAI management offered by the AVMA (2008). NENT's role in following up the guidelines is toprovide advice and recommendations, help increase awareness of animal welfare,and to stimulate continued discussion about research that involves animals. Bethesda, MD: NIH. (2015). Research Animal Resources. This essay supports animal rights. Briefly stated, the document states that a strong allegiance to the principles of bioethics is vital to responsible research practices and that vertebrate animals warrant moral concern. MONKEYPOX: UConn Health is NOT currently offering the monkeypox vaccine. 2009.https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/, The ARRIVE Guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Laboratory animals in research and teaching: Ethics, care, and methods (pp. Morrison, A. R., Evans, H. L., Ator, N. A., & Nakamura, R. K. In all experimental circumstances, investigators should structure into the schedule the basic needs of the nonhuman animals such as food, water, and rest breaks. Guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits; Final Rules. If nonhuman animals are to be used, the species chosen for the study should be the best suited to answer the question(s) posed. The National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology has made guidelines to support ethical principles for researchers who are considering experimentations on animals. If it is not possible to establish an IACUC at the psychologists own institution, investigators should seek advice and obtain review from an IACUC of a cooperative institution. ethical: Of, or relating to, the accepted principles of right and wrong especially those of some organization or profession. American Journal of Infection Control, 36(2), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2007.09.005, American Veterinary Medical Association. Research should be undertaken with a clear scientific purpose. This practice has the potential to change our view of humans andour attitudes towards generating or eliminating genetic characteristics in ourselves. These guidelines are therefore written with an acceptance that animals can be 'used' for the betterment of human or non-human animal species. Researchers must provide care that is adapted to the needs of each laboratory animal. Further, the use of . Researchers are responsiblefor considering whether the experiment may result in improvements foranimals, people or the environment. These principles alsostate what can reasonably be considered harm and benefit, and the principles thusfacilitate good assessments. In general, psychologists should act on the assumption that procedures that are likely to produce pain in humans may also do so in other animals, unless there is species-specific evidence of pain or stress to the contrary. APA does not provide specific guidelines for the maintenance of psychological well-being of research animals, as procedures that are appropriate for a particular species may not be for others. 31-39). Guidelines for research ethics in science and technology (2007) 2016. Oslo. It was intended to guide careful and considered discussion of the ethical challenges that arise in the course of animal research under NASA's auspices, but it is helpful to animal use in general. Researchers must not only consider the direct suffering that may be enduredduring the experiment itself, but also the risk of suffering before and afterthe experiment, including trapping, labelling, anaesthetising, breeding, transportation,stabling and euthanising. The view that we, as human beings, have the right to make these decisions, is based on various philosophical arguments. In 1996, NASA published an influential document titled "NASA Principles for the Ethical Care and Use of Animals". (2015). Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Federal Register, 55(136), (July 16, 1990), 28879- 28884. It boils down to the following: is the ethical cost of the research (the pain of the animals, the ultimate death of the animals) either balanced or outweighed by the potential value of the research to human or animal health, the advancement of knowledge, or the good of society? Field research, if strictly observational, may not require animal care committee approval (USDA, 2000). A copy of the. Responsibilities for the conditions under which animals are kept, both within and outside of the context of active experimentation or teaching, rests with the psychologist under the supervision of the IACUC (where required by federal regulations) and with individuals appointed by the institution to oversee laboratory animal care. All procedures carried out on nonhuman animals are to be reviewed by an IACUC to ensure that the procedures are appropriate and humane. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0063, Regulation on the capture and collection of wild animals for scientific or other special purposes(Forskrift om innfanging og innsamling av vilt for vitenskapelige eller andre srlige forml). The guidelines reflect all these positions, and stipulate principles andconsiderations that can be used as tools when balancing between harm andbenefit. In that case, it is because they have broken the law, not primarily because theyhave violated the guidelines for research ethics. Moreover, psychologists trained in appropriate research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals must supervise all procedures involving these animals and are "responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health and humane treatment," says the code. Surgical procedures, because of their invasive nature, require close supervision and attention to humane considerations by the psychologist. Aseptic (methods that minimize risks of infection) techniques must be used on laboratory animals whenever possible. These guidelines are not intended to be mandatory, exhaustive, or definitive and should not take precedence over the professional judgment of individuals who have competence in the subject addressed. National Research Council. https://olaw.nih.gov/sites/default/ files/PHSPolicyLabAnimals.pdf. (2017). In Norway, the use of laboratory animals is governed by the RegulationsRelating to the Use of Animals in Research, which follow from the Animal WelfareAct. Procedures involving the use of paralytic agents without reduction in pain sensation require prudence and humane concern. A veterinary perspective on the recently published guidelines for animal-assisted interventions in health-care facilities. Ethical guidelines for using animals in research. From medicines to psychological phenomena, animals have been used in all sorts of experiments, tests, and research to avoid putting humans in harm's way. Psychological research involving human subjects must take into account many ethical considerations. Rabie Fayed Follow Professor at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Advertisement Recommended National Research Council. Whenever reasonable, psychologists are encouraged to first test on themselves the painful stimuli to be used on nonhuman animal subjects. Definitions In these guidelines, the term research must be understood broadly, and include planning, execution and dissemination. New gene technologymethods create new opportunities for the use of genetically modified animals inresearch, which is a growing trend. 2017.https://norecopa.no/prepare, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0063, https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/forskrift/2003-03-14-349, https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2015-06-18-761, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/gene-technology-act/id173031/, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/, https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Guidelines/NC3Rs%20ARRIVE%20Guidelines%202013.pdf, https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/forsoksdyr/, instruks_om_mattilsynets_forvaltning_av_forsoksdyrforskriften.21015/binary/Instruks%20om%20Mattilsynets%20forvaltning%20av%20forsksdyrforskriften. (ii) Animals are sentient creatures with the capacity to feel pain,and the interests of animals must therefore be taken into consideration. In these guidelines, the term research must be understood broadly, and includeplanning, execution and dissemination. This includes settings where the principal subjects of the research are humans, but nonhuman animals are used as part of the study, such as research on the efficacy of animal-assisted interventions (AAI) and research conducted in zoos, animal shelters, and so on. For example, studies of AAIs in health-care facilities offering mental health services may introduce risks for bi-directional zoonotic transmission of infectious diseases such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Lefebvre, et al., 2008). (2002). Any person who plans to use animalsin experiments must familiarise themselves with the current rules. Researchers outline a three-pronged approach to conducting ethical research with animals, using the principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, and voluntary participation. This means, among other things,that researchers must conduct literature studies, consider alternativeexperiment designs and perform design calculations before beginningexperiments. National Research Council. It exceeds the requirements in the European Union's Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, which is now undergoing revision ( Matthiessen et al, 2003 ). Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm, http://www.apa.org/science/leadership/care/guidelines, 2022 American Psychological Association. Procedures involving more than momentary or slight aversive stimulation, which is not relieved by medication or other acceptable methods, should be undertaken only when the objectives of the research cannot be achieved by other methods. In general, laboratory animals should not be subjected to successive survival surgical procedures, except as required by the nature of the research, the nature of the specific surgery, or for the well-being of the animal. Researchers must have respect for animals' worth, regardless of their utility value,and for animals' interests as living, sentient creatures. First, animal experiments must be replaced wherever possible by other methods such as mathematical modeling, or an in vitro biological system. The conduct of all procedures is governed by Guideline I (Justification of Research) above. When there iscredible, but uncertain, knowledge that the inclusion of animals in research or theuse of certain methods may have ethically unacceptable consequences for the stockand the ecosystem as a whole, researchers must observe the precautionaryprinciple.[1]. Suffering includes pain, hunger, thirst, malnutrition, abnormal cold or heat, fear,stress, injury, illness and restrictions on the ability to behave normally/naturally. The guidelines cover laboratory animals, as defined in the RegulationsRelating to the Use of Animals in Research, but also cover all animals that are otherwiseimpacted by research activities. (2002). In general, ethical guidelines are designed to respect the rights and dignity of human beings, and help protect the proper handling of animals. Disclosing negative results may give other researchers informationabout which experiments are not worth pursuing, shine a light on unfortunateresearch design, and help reduce the use of animals in research. A risk-benefit analysis involves showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks. The use of endangeredand vulnerable species must be reduced to an absolute minimum. (2022, February 26). It is important to recognize that this document constitutes guidelines, which serve a different purpose than standards. Standards, unlike guidelines, require mandatory compliance, and may be accompanied by an enforcement mechanism. (2003). Reporting Concerns For serious questions or concerns about animal welfare, the process of review, or about committee decisions, contact: Frances Lawrenz Institutional Official (612) 625-2046 lawrenz@umn.edu You may also report animal welfare concerns or policy violations via the University of Minnesota's reporting system. The guiding principle of these committees is usually the 3 Rs. 2131 et. Key Terms. Methods and welfare considerations in behavioral research with animals: Report of a National Institutes of Health Workshop. The following are some of the most important ethical principles from the American Psychological Association's guidelines on research with animals: Psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards. (1990). Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research was developed by the American Psychological Association Committee on Animal Research and Ethics in 2020 and 2021. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Researchers are responsible for considering whether it is possible toreduce the number of animals the experiment plans to use and mustonly include the number necessary to maintain the scientific quality of theexperiments and the relevance of the results. Only the number required to obtain reliable data must be used in an experiment. The EEA Agreement obliges Norway to implement EU Directive 2010/63/EUon the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes. National Research Council. Respect for animal life, knowledge of humane laws, and proper care and feeding of animals are stressed. This means that researchers must consider theconsequences to the stock and to the ecosystem as a whole. Please visit the, Office of the Vice President for Research, Faculty Affiliated Companies/External Entities, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), Initial Animal User Training Registration Form, Animals in research ethical justification. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Please visit the CT DPH website for more information or contact your health provider directly. The ethical assessments related to the use of animals in research are wide-ranging. Whenever possible behavioral procedures should be used that minimize discomfort to the nonhuman animal. (2020). American Psychological Association. Studying other animals is critical to understanding basic principles underlying behavior and to advancing the welfare of both human and nonhuman animals. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 02-5083. (1991). The use of animals in research involves responsibility not only for the stewardship of the animals, but to the scientific community and society as well. Researchers must minimise the risk of suffering and provide good animal welfare. Ethical guidelines that govern the use of human subjects in research are a fairly new but important construct . Smith, D. (2003, January 1). National Institutes of Mental Health. A great resource describing some ways to minimize the use of animals in research and to practice the best standards when using animals. Included in this review should be a risk assessment and guidelines for prevention of zoonotic disease transmission (i.e., disease transmission between species, including human to nonhuman and vice versa). Approved by the APA Council of Representatives, February 2022. "Ethics and Alternatives". https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/gene-technology-act/id173031/, The Animal Welfare Act. Also online at www.nap.edu. Questions about these guidelines should be referred to the APA Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE) via email at science@apa.org, by phone at 202-336-6000, or in writing to the American Psychological Association, Science Directorate, Office of Research Ethics, 750 First St., NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242 Nonhuman animals may be used for educational purposes only after review by an IACUC or other appropriate institutional committee. U.S. Public Health Service. The guidelines primarily address theresearcher but apply to any person involved when animals are used for research,including funding and approval bodies, which are also responsible for makingethical assessments of projects involving experiments on animals. (Gene Technology Act)(Lov om framstilling og bruk av genmodifiserte organismer m.m. Nonhuman animals taken from the wild should be trapped in a humane manner and in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local regulations. Ethics and Alternatives for Animal Use in Research and Teaching . These guidelines are scheduled to expire 10 years from (the date of adoption by the APA Council of Representatives). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. [1]The Norwegian National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT). Recognition and alleviation of distress in laboratory animals. Respect for animal dignity This is the core contention of animal ethics. Procedures that may be justified for research purposes may not be so for educational purposes (e.g., animal models of pain that are used to develop safer analgesics would be in excess of what is needed to merely demonstrate the use of animal models in the study of behavior and cognition). Such research on endangered species should not be conducted unless IACUC approval has been obtained and all requisite permits are obtained (see section IV.D of this document). All surgical procedures and anesthetization should be conducted under the direct supervision of a person who is trained and competent in the use of the procedures. There are many different methods for analysing harm and benefit.

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