Sibling comparison designs bias from non-shared confounders and measurement error. Connections between obesity and puberty. Among the studies, five were conducted in Asia, four in North America, and one was conducted in Europe. Finally, as height and weight were only measured when the child was aged 7years, we were unable to determine the age at the adiposity rebound, which is the onset of the second rise in the BMI curve usually around 5 to 7years.57 The age at the adiposity rebound is influenced by pre- and postnatal nutrition.57 An early adiposity rebound is associated with a low BMI before the rebound, but with high BMI after the rebound, and is a strong predictor of childhood and adult obesity,57 insulin resistance58 and possibly also cardiovascular diseases.59 This is similar to the trajectory of health and disease observed for boys and girls with early puberty.8 However, given the data, we were unable to disentangle the influence of the age at the adiposity rebound on the association between childhood obesity and timing of puberty. After subgroup analyses, the variables including sample size (TSD: 2= 6.40, p = 0.01) and confounders controlled (TSD: 2=12.31, p < 0.001) were shown to be associated with the between-study heterogeneity. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quality assessment of cohort and case-control studies by two researchers (XZ and YH.) official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Karpati AM, Rubin CH, Kieszak SM, Marcus M, Troiano RP. Childhood BMI was reported by mothers and is only a proxy for body fat.53 Moreover, self-reported BMI is not a perfect measure compared with BMI measured by health care professionals. The new PMC design is here! Our results suggest that controlling the obesity epidemic in children could be useful in decreasing these risks.. In addition, a significantly higher elevation in the risk of early puberty related to childhood overweight/obesity was found in studies with none of the confounders controlled (OR: 4.87, 95% CI: 2.0811.39; p = 0.001) when compared with studies that had one or more confounders controlled (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.151.65; p < 0.001). The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine A total of 586 cases with early puberty in 12,796 boys in childhood were identified. Accessibility 19, 20 the. For girls, increased adiposity and earlier onset of puberty are linked in many studies. Among these singletons were 888 brothers and 812 sisters (Figure1). Girls had a significantly higher precocious puberty rate than boys (5.93% vs. 0.87%), particularly in those aged 7 years old (9.20%). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. A final median score of 6 was regarded as high quality. Development of adiposity, obesity and age at menarche: an 8-year follow-up study in Portuguese schoolgirls. 10 to 13 1/2. Last but not least, there were few original studies on obesity and early puberty in boys, only five articles were included in this meta-analysis, and the definition of puberty in boys is also controversial. XZ, YH, ZY, ZG, SZ, XL, YC, and CY: acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data. Juul A, Magnusdottir S, Scheike T, Prytz S, Skakkebaek NE.. Age at voice break in Danish boys: effects of pre-pubertal body mass index and secular trend, Secondary sexual characteristics in boys: estimates from the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. Data were compatible with these assumptions (data not shown). And puberty may be starting earlier in boys as well. These cohort and sibling-matched study designs were based on the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC)37 and its sub-cohort, the Puberty Cohort. Obesity is a common, serious, and costly disease. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (. Almost all studies defined early puberty by menarche age, while Chen et al. 13, 14, 16 - 23, 49 - 51 An explanation for the early onset of puberty in these girls might be found in the secretion of adipokines. Childhood overweight and obesity were associated with earlier puberty in a dose-dependent manner in boys and girls in the cohort analysis. Finally, 10 articles were included in meta-analysis (see Figure 1) (13, 19, 20, 2531). 2022. WEDNESDAY, Jan. 27, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Excess weight can delay or speed up puberty in young boys, depending on how many extra pounds they carry, a new study suggests. Endocrinologists are at the core of solving the most pressing health problems of our time, from diabetes and obesity to infertility, bone health, and hormone-related cancers. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). De Leonibus C, Marcovecchio ML, Chiarelli F. Pediatr Rep. 2012 Dec 6;4(4):e35. The inclusion of titles and abstracts was intentionally expanded with a view to obtaining more relevant studies. by Kimberly Garrison, FOR THE DAILY NEWS. Qualitative analysis identified that boys with high BMI trajectories had a greater risk of early puberty than boys with low BMI trajectories (13). Phone: (202)-971-3611 During the same time, the prevalence of severe obesity increased from 4.7% to 9.2%. Early puberty is a risk indicator for adult diseases. In addition, obese girls are also at increased risk of hyperandrogenism. Weight Limits The Role of Weight and Puberty in Boys. Our findings showed that for girls the associate between overweight/obesity and early puberty is definite or strong whereas for males, such an association is possible, prompting that future studies need to further explore the possible relationship between overweight/obesity and early puberty in boys. Zhai L, Liu J, Zhao J, Liu J, Bai Y, Jia L, et al.. Association of obesity with onset of puberty and sex hormones in chinese girls: a 4year longitudinal study, Percent body fat and waist circumference from ages 5 to 9 predict early puberty in girls. Chen YC, Fan HY, Yang C, Hsieh RH, Pan WH, Lee YL. 2022 Apr 4;14(7):1506. doi: 10.3390/nu14071506. before puberty can occur, a critical body weight or fat mass must be achieved. Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Maillot M, Bellisle F.. Obesity has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis and some types of cancer [ 3 ]. Jochum F, Abdellatif M, Adel A, Alhammadi A, Alnemri A, Alohali E, AlSarraf K, Al Said K, Elzalabany M, Isa HMA, Kalyanasundaram S, Reheim NA, Saadah O. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. In boys, excess adiposity has been associated with advanced puberty in some studies, whereas others have reported a delay in pubertal onset. The following search terms were applied in combination: (1) weight, height, body mass index, and BMI; (2) infant, infancy, early, postnatal, childhood, preschool, pre-school, and school; (3) overweight, obesity, adiposity, body composition, and waist circumference; and (4) puberty, adrenarche, pubescence, menarcheal, adolescence, and youth. The ORs for the association reported by included studies ranged from 1.11 to 9.00. Overweight boys tend to start puberty at a later age than their less-heavy peers, according to one of the first studies to chart the effects of childhood obesity on male sexual development.. car clothes hanger bar near berlin; lambswool feather duster; healthcare assistant jobs in usa with visa sponsorship; nordstrom fitflop sale; clearsight 1 day discontinued Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. Furthermore, a birth cohort study with 18 years of follow-up found a positive association between obesity and earlier puberty in boys (10) and a cohort and sibling-matched analysis found that higher BMI was associated with earlier age at attaining most pubertal milestones in girls, but only a tendency toward earlier pubertal timing was observed in boys (32). E-mail: Received 2020 Mar 3; Accepted 2020 Mar 24. Bone mineral density and body composition in normal weight, overweight and obese children. Lpez-Peralta S, Romero-Velarde E, Vsquez-Garibay EM, Gonzlez-Hita M, Robles-Robles LC, Ruiz-Gonzlez FJ, Prez-Romero MA. When modelling childhood BMI as a linear term, all pubertal milestones were attained earlier with higher childhood BMI in both sexes (Table2). For example, when case-control studies are used to explore the relationship between smoking and lung cancer, lung cancer patients are likely to have recall bias on their past smoking dose and frequency due to the long incubation period of lung cancer. For the cohort study, information on childhood BMI obtained from the 7-year follow-up in the DNBC was available for 12964 (58%) of the 22439 children invited to participate in the Puberty Cohort (Figure1). Tanner stage 2 (dashed line), Tanner stage 5 (solid line), voice break (dashed line), first ejaculation (solid line) and menarche (solid line). A previous meta-analysis based on 69 cases with early puberty in 165 girls who were overweight/obese in childhood detected a significant higher risk of early puberty in relation to childhood overweight/obese with a risk estimate of 2.44 (18) our study validated the relationship on the basis of a larger sample size (13,338 girls and 12,796 boys). Horm Res Paediatr. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features Separate subgroup analyses were performed on the different categories to detect possible sources of heterogeneity, including geographic region (e.g., Europe, Asian, North America), study design (e.g., cohort, case-control), sample size (e.g., > 2000, 2000), follow-up duration (e.g., > 8 years, 8 years), age at enrolment (e.g., 7 years old, < 7 years old), type of exposure (e.g., obesity, overweight), definition of overweight/obesity (e.g., body mass index, skinfold thickness, body fat), definition of early puberty [e.g., age of menarche, age of breast stage II stage, three criteria in the study, age of each Tanner stage, puberty development scale (PDS) score > x + s ], and confounders controlled (e.g., none of the confounder controlled, one or more confounders controlled). Factors which have been implicated in the accelerated growth in obese children include increased leptin and insulin levels, adrenal androgens, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-binding protein-1 and GH-binding proteins. Association of adiposity genetic variants with menarche timing in 92,105 women of European descent. Feb. 2, 2010&#151; -- Researchers may have found yet another reason not to let boys become obese-- it could delay their puberty. Total obesity and central obesity from ages 4 to 7 raised the odds of early puberty compared with having a healthy weight. Meanwhile, obese children's tissues were exposed to high levels of estrogen, which ultimately leads to early puberty. In contrast, study results from Europe showed earlier puberty in boys with overweight and obesity. Some boys begin the growth spurt earlier and others later. the extensions that are important for neuron-to-neuron communication, to the extracellular space and blood vessels. For people assigned male at birth, puberty begins at age 11 on average, although starting as early as age 9 or as late as age 14 is still considered normal. Obesity and the pubertal transition in girls and boys. Rinonapoli G, Pace V, Ruggiero C, Ceccarini P, Bisaccia M, Meccariello L, Caraffa A. Int J Mol Sci. Sandhu J, Ben-Shlomo Y, Cole TJ, Holly J, Davey Smith G.. Buyken AE, Karaolis-Danckert N, Remer T.. Association of prepubertal body composition in healthy girls and boys with the timing of early and late pubertal markers. Modulation of circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels by hormonal regulators of energy homeostasis in obese children. Girls grow 2-8 inches taller, while boys grow 4-12 inches taller. Day FR, Elks CE, Murray A, Ong KK, Perry JR.. Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study, Pubertal timing and adult obesity and cardiometabolic risk in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Public health implications of altered puberty timing, Pubertal timing and the development of psychopathology in adolescence and beyond, Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Secondly, case-control studies are prone to recall bias. 2022 Oct 18;54(5):961-970. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2022.05.025. Chen C, Zhang Y, Sun W, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Song Y, et al.. A time trend toward earlier puberty in girls has been observed in many countries, but a time trend is less established in boys.17 This is a concern, as early puberty has been related to adult diseases such as depression, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers.811 Some authors have suggested the time trend to be partly attributable to the increase in childhood obesity.7,1215 Childhood obesity is associated with hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinism,16 which may initiate earlier puberty either by modulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis17 or by increasing the bioavailability of sex hormones through insulins effect on the liver, adrenals, ovaries and adipose tissue.15 Several epidemiological studies have found obese girls to have earlier age at menarche and onset of breast development than normal-weight girls,14,15,1821 but studies on boys have found conflicting results.5,2233 Genetic factors and socioeconomic factors may, however, have confounded the reported association between childhood obesity and pubertal timing.34,35 Siblings raised together share a number of potential confounding factors, including socioeconomic factors and half of their genes. Putative Effects of Obesity on Linear Growth and Puberty. The more fat we have, the more. Obesity may trigger early puberty or a common genetic or environmental factor may underlie both phenomena (23, 27). To our knowledge, several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationships between childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty de Ridder et al. 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China, 2Department of Plastic Surgery of Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 3Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, China, 4NHC Key Laboratory for Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Hunan, Changsha, China. Adj., adjusted; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference. For instance, among boys age 5 or 6, those with obesity had nearly 2.7 times the odds of starting puberty early, and those with central obesity had almost 6.4 higher odds of puberty before age 9 . This is in line with conclusions from most reviews.14,15,1821 Although most studies have been cross-sectional with risk of reverse causation,14,15,1921 a recent review of longitudinal studies has now addressed the temporality of exposure and outcome.18 This review reported that higher body weight and weight gain in childhood were consistently associated with earlier age at menarche.18 However, confounding may induce spurious associations in observational studies. Therefore, updating the extent of the association of childhood overweight/obesity with risk of early puberty in girls is necessary, which would help to add important data to the knowledge base. Mouse study identifies genes connecting the onset of puberty to the remodeling of specific brain sites. Concurrently, the percentage of obese individuals aged in the 12 to 19-year-old population rose from 5 to nearly 21% (4). Body mass index and timing of pubertal initiation in boys. Some factors that lead to earlier puberty in obese children include an increase in multiple hormones, including leptin, insulin, and sex hormones (estrogen and androgens). Meanwhile, since some subgroup categories contained only one or very few studies, the statistical power is weakened. In studies with a sample size greater than 2,000, obese children were at higher risk of entering puberty early (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.313.53). However, in boys the evidence has been controversial.. We conducted three sensitivity analyses. Before The half-yearly questions on puberty in the Puberty Cohort were identical to the questions on puberty in the 11-year follow-up. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Whereas those with excess belly fat had almost 6.4 higher odds of puberty before age. Studies were included if they: (1) were observational in design; (2) had clear definitions of exposure and outcome; (3) reported on the association between overweight/obesity in childhood and early puberty; and (4) had sufficient information to calculate risk estimation and 95% confident intervals (CIs). The characteristics of the 10 included studies are shown in the (Tables 1, ,2).2). For instance, leptin is positively associated with the amount of body fat. Based on the underlying mechanisms between the childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty, we ventured to speculate that there might be a link between childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty in boys. Age at Which it Starts. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The .gov means its official. Birthweight and parity were obtained from the Danish Medical Birth Registry.44 Highest educational class of the parents was obtained from Statistics Denmark and classified according to the International Standard Class of Occupation and Education codes (ISCO-88 and ISCED). Although subgroup analysis revealed several important sources of heterogeneity, such as study design, sample size, follow-up duration, definition of early puberty and confounders controlled, we still cannot ignore the existence of heterogeneity. But it's different for everyone, so don't worry if your child reaches puberty before or after their friends. In addition, studies have shown that childhood overweight/obesity may also have adverse effect on the process of puberty (710). suggested obesity in preadolescent children may lead to the improvement of aromatase activity, which can accelerate the conversion of androgens to estrogen (33). Int J Epidemiol. Random effects model meta-analysis was used as a tool to calculate combined ORs and 95% CIs (22). The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under nonstandard conditions. Obesity could still be to blame, but a closer examination is needed, Kelsey said. Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? Only a tendency toward earlier pubertal timing for higher childhood body mass index was observed for brothers in the sibling-matched analysis. We will refer to the analysis of these children as the cohort analysis. Add the Michigan Medicine News Break oniTunes or anywhere you listen to podcasts. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the meta-analysis results, i.e., repeating meta-analyses were conducted after excluding one included study at a time and comparing the results before and after exclusion. Childhood overweight (85th BMI<95th percentile) and obesity (BMI95th percentile) were associated with earlier age attaining the pubertal milestones in a dose-dependent manner in boys and girls. Li WY, Liu Q, Deng X, Chen YW, Liu SD, Story M.. Association between obesity and puberty timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. LC and TW: study concept and design and study supervision. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and all this evidence suggests that the situation is likely to get worse ahead. The questionnaire is available online.42. The median quality score of the included studies was eight. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. In the United States, the prevalence of obesity in 6 to 11-year-old children rose from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. The different effect of overweight and obesity on pubertal development in girls leads to speculation that childhood overweight/obesity and pre-puberty may be more than a simple linear correlation, so rising weight is not necessarily accompanied by a constant advance in puberty. Li W, Liu Q, Deng X, Chen Y, Liu S, Story M. Association between obesity and puberty timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In girls, we found that higher childhood BMI was associated with earlier age at attaining all pubertal milestones, in a dose-dependent manner. To increase the statistical power, these children were sampled according to 12 different prenatal exposures, hypothesized to be causes of earlier pubertal timing, as well as a random sample of 8000 children.38 From August 2012, these 22439 children were invited half-yearly to provide information on pubertal development through web-based questionnaires, from the age of 11.5years until 18years or full maturity (defined as Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair and genital development in boys and Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair and breast development in girls). For girls, earlier onset of thelarche and menarche has been observed in the last century. 1 Some males mature faster than their peers, and some physical changes may be more gradual than others. Total obesity and central obesity from ages 4 to 7 raised the odds of early puberty compared with having a healthy weight. Compared to boys with healthy weights, boys with obesity had a 2.7 times higher risk of early-onset puberty. An official website of the United States government. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. Firstly, only articles published in English were included in our study, which may lead to the omission of articles published in other languages and articles that have not yet been published. Results: The prevalence of general obesity and central obesity among boys was higher than that in girls. Meta-analytic pooling of these risk estimates yielded a summary OR of 1.29 (95% CI 0.981.70), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 68%, p = 0.01). Kiess W, Wagner IV, Kratzsch J, Korner A.. Mendelian randomisation study of childhood BMI and early menarche, Birthweight, time-varying adiposity growth and early menarche in girls: A Mendelian randomisation and mediation analysis, Earlier age at menarche in girls with rapid early life growth: cohort and within sibling analyses, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. For instance, among boys age 5 or 6, those with obesity had nearly 2.7 . Specifically, childhood overweight and obesity in girls may increase the risk of early puberty by 4.67-fold, and 2.22-fold, respectively. Identification of modifiable causes of earlier puberty is, therefore, warranted. independently. Ma T, Li YH, Chen MM, Ma Y, Gao D, Chen L, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Liu JY, Wang XX, Dong YH, Ma J. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. Denzer C, Weibel A, Muche R, Karges B, Sorgo W, Wabitsch M. Pubertal development in obese children and adolescents, Link between body fat and the timing of puberty. Puberty is the physiological process and crucial developmental stage, typically beginning between 9.5 and 13.5 years of age (average 11.5 years) in boys and lasting normally about 5-6 years, characterized by the gradual transition from childhood to adulthood, with the attainment of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and mainly of sexual maturity and reproductive capability []. For total obesity, they used weight and height to calculate the body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS). What we think this means is that brain development is not completed and that puberty starts only when the entire neuropil, including blood vessels and components of the extracellular space, is ready, says Elias. A European study also reported a positive relationship between preadolescent BMI and early puberty in boys, where voice breaking was defined as puberty occurring (13). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance-matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity, Separation of individual-level and cluster-level covariate effects in regression analysis of correlated data, The utility of body mass index as a measure of body fatness in children and adolescents: differences by race and gender, Self-assessment of pubertal development in a puberty cohort. Childhood BMI was derived from height (cm) and weight (kg) reported by the mothers at a median age of 7.1 (25th75th percentile: 7.07.2) years. The following data were extracted: first author, year of publication, study period, geographic region, gender, study design, length of follow-up, and age of enrolment (for cohort studies only), sample size, definition of overweight/obesity, definition of early puberty, and adjustments and matches made.

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