Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. One such synergy is the sharing of energy generated from the combined co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge. The DTSS project is supported by @pubsingapore the National Water Agency. This phase of the project will create a. The paper presents hydraulic analyses that were conducted for the planning and design of these large wastewater tunnels and, in that sense, it is a best practice paper. DTSS Phase 2 (DTSS2) completes the DTSS by connecting the North Tunnel built under Phase 1 with a new South Tunnel and a new WRP at Tuas. In contrast with tunnels designed to store . HERRENKNECHT Slurry TBM. Just as WWi was going to print, the decision emerged on which major consultancy has won Singapore's Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) Phase 2 project. Ed. DTSS2 is the second phase of this project, comprising an approximately 30-km long South Tunnel, a 10-km long Industrial Tunnel, 60-km of Link Sewers and a new Water Reclamation Plant. Together with isolation roller gates, cross-connecting the DTSS 2 link sewers allows for flow bypass to perform tunnel maintenance or repairs, if ever needed, thereby preventing the potential discharge of untreated used-water, as well as the potential disruption to NEWater production. The access manholes along the deep tunnels will largely be sealed but, over time, escape pathways may develop; and the link sewers upstream will offer more opportunities for air escape if pressure build-up occurs. The subsequent contracts to build the rest of the deep tunnels and link sewers will be awarded from 2018. In order to construct the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2, Contract T-09, the 2nd TBM named Yuan Ching with a 7.56m diameter has excavated almost 60m beneath the ground on 15 January 2022. Scope of work This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They serve to feed the sewage from the south and west into the new Tuas Water Reclamation Plant. The second phase of the project began in 2016 and involved extending the tunnel system to the west of Singapore and constructing an advanced, state-of-the-art water reclamation plant. Nevertheless, for approximately 40 m from the steel lined section, full round HDPE lining was specified rather than the 330-degree coverage with open invert. The process will be repeated for the last gate module. The measurements also identified a pressure drop downstream of the gate, but not to the point of having negative pressures. Velocity measurements were made using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based system. Assessment of an attenuated mode of operation in which the flows pumped by the Tuas Influent Pumping Station are managed to yield as constant a flow as possible in the WRP to ensure reliable used-water treatment and NEWater production. The paper also presents several novel elements and the analyses that were conducted to develop and size them. The isolation gates will be required to withstand an unbalanced load of up to 43 m of hydraulic head. Unlike rail or road tunnels, which can be easily accessed for inspection and maintenance, it is relatively difficult to access a sewer tunnel that is constantly conveying used-water. In combined systems, tunnels are often used to store overflows that would occur during wet weather and convey these to a treatment plant after the rain event. The co-location will also be the first facility of its kind in the world that was planned from the ground-up. A Herrenknecht Mixshield with a diameter of 4.23m has been used. $528,530. The DTSS2 Project is the second phase of a nationwide program that completes Singapores long-term vision of a recycled water super-highway that further enhances its water security and achieves its ultimate objective of being self sufficient to meet the water demands of its growing population and industries. For over 45 years Leighton Asia has built a strong track record as an international contractorin the construction, civil engineering and offshore oil and gas sectors. 2014). The new feature in the DTSS Phase 2 tunnel is the ability to isolate sections of the tunnel . The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". These are part of a network of 40km of deep tunnels and 60km of link sewers for DTSS Phase 2. Diurnal flow variations were specified based on flow measurements in the system. The used water is then treated and further purified into ultra-clean, high-grade reclaimed water known as NEWater, with excess treated effluent discharged to the sea through an outfall. The subsequent contracts to build the rest of the deep tunnels and link sewers will be awarded from 2018. The calculation methodology described earlier was used to develop an air management sytem for DTSS2. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 T-11 include the design and construction of a 6km South Main Sewerage Tunnel, a 5.5km South Linkway Sewerage Tunnel, fifteen working shafts and related facilities. AECOM, together with its joint venture partner Black & Veatch, is the appointed professional engineering services consultant overseeing the development, engineering, and construction of DTSS Phase 2 which covers the Western and Southern parts of Singapore. Their work will be part of a network of 40km of deep tunnels and 60km of link sewers for DTSS Phase 2. The simulations assumed an upstream head of 43 m based on the hydraulic analyses. DTSS Phase 2 (DTSS2) completes the DTSS by connecting the North Tunnel built under Phase 1 with a new South Tunnel and a new WRP at Tuas. Implementation of the entire DTSS will result in 50% reduction in land taken up by used water infrastructure once it is fully completed, from 300 hectares in the 1990s to 150 hectares in the long terms, PUB: Consultant Safety Recognition Award, 2020. Measured velocity profiles in the physical model. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Velocities exceeding 28 m/s are found downstream of the gate and because of the transition between the flat floor at the gate to the circular tunnel, significant splashing was observed. As no negative pressure was seen in the CFD analyses or measured in the physical model, the tunnel section after the steel lining will be lined with HDPE liner since the risk of HDPE delamination due to cavitation is small. used cars for sale in serbia; problematic band names; american bl series 2021; how to get chromas in mm2 2022; love marriage in islam. Singapore's DTSS Phase 2 extends the existing deep tunnel system to collect used water from the western and southern parts of Singapore. However, delays have affected the decision on which . A physical model of the gate opening was also conducted at Nanyang Technological University. Back Next. Share on LinkedIn; Share on Facebook; . It is scheduled for construction after 2015 - long after the current Phase 1 experiences have passed into the archive of Singapore's quite particular tunnelling history. DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM (DTSS - T09), PHASE 2. Hydraulic modelling was conducted using the MIKE URBAN collection system modelling software (DHI 2014). This paper describes hydraulic analyses that were conducted during the feasibility study and preliminary design. Both factors are subject to uncertainty and low, medium and high growth scenarios were developed. A section of the 6.0 m diameter tunnel was simulated including most of the shaft containing the isolation gate as well as 300 m of downstream tunnel. Background. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". (Phase 1 and 2) criss-crossing Singapore with three large WRPs at the northern (Kranji), eastern (Changi) and . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Depth of. Other planning objectives included cost optimization, energy and land-take minimization, ease of operation and maintainability. Guided by our Mission and Principles, our priorities connect us to people and communities, and ensure we continuously improve. 2013) and CFD modelling (Edwini-Bonsu & Steffler 2004). In most near-surface sewers, the degree of communication is high, with many openings, particularly in combined systems. By its expected. Gate assembly at ground level via support beams. Examples of measured flow velocities are shown in Figure12. The Singapore Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) was conceived in the mid-1990s to serve Singapore's long-term used-water needs (Water Technology 2019). Relative to self-cleaning, achieving a velocity of 1 m/s at least once a day was used as a preliminary criterion because of its ease of application, although it was recognized that several other factors are also relevant (CIRIA 1996; ASCE 2007). Air jumpers also have the benefit of providing flexibility relative to a fully passive approach relying on the air pulling capacity of the vortex. According to the original schedule, construction on the second phase of Singapore's DTSS project should have started on January 1st 2014. 2011), momentum-based modelling (Ward et al. The AJs, shown in Figure9, will be located at sites where OCFs would not be feasible due to existing land use, for example built-up areas. One such synergy is the sharing of energy generated from the combined co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge. The DTSS is a used water infrastructure project being developed to meet Singapore's long-term clean water needs. Provide input to the air management analyses. This would also require connecting the bottom of the vortex drop to the tunnel crown, to allow air passage at all times. The hydraulic analyses undertaken during the feasibility study and preliminary design, assisted by the MIKE URBAN model of the entire system, provided critical inputs to decision-making for the development of an efficient and reliable DTSS2 design, which adds significant resilience to the overall DTSS. Emergency vents were included to cater to large wet weather events. Read more at . 2017). One factor is that air flow in sewers is affected by a number of mechanisms including friction, atmospheric pressure variations, air density, and water level changes due to flow variations (Lowe 2016). Nine synergies between the Tuas WRP and IWMF will maximize both energy and resource recovery. The resulting OCF and AJ capacities are summarized in Table3. There are also three main focus areas for the DTSS Phase 2: Deep tunnel sewerage system, tunnel and link sewers, and Turas WRP. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. For conveyance tunnels the main issue is generally odours (Locke et al. The main objective then was the ability to cater to population growth. In phase two, 40km of deep tunnels and 60km of link sewers will cover the western part of the island, as well as the downtown area. With the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) Phase II, deep underground beneath the city-state some 50 kilometers of new tunnel tubes are being built for this purpose. Phase 2 consisting of networks of Link Sewers and Tunnels will extends the deep tunnels to serve the western part of Singapore. To assess the situation, including the length of tunnel affected by high velocities, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling was conducted, as well as a physical model. The hydraulic model was used to evaluate the self-cleaning characteristics of the South Tunnel under this mode of operation and to optimize the operation of the Tuas WRP Influent Pumping Station during wet weather. Share this. The $6 billion Tunnel and Stations Public Private Partnership (PPP) is the largest package of works for the Metro Tunnel and will deliver the nine kilometre twin tunnels under the CBD, and the five new underground stations The Government Underground One of the first publicly revealed underground facilities was the Cheyenne Mountain Operations. The simulation domain was discretized in a mesh of 2.3 million box-like cells 0.1 m on the side near the gate to 0.5 m farther in the tunnel. Air flow in sewers has been the subject of a number of studies including field measurements (Pescod & Price 1982; Witherspoon et al. LEIGHTON CONTRACTORS (ASIA) LIMITED (SINGAPORE BRANCH) PUB - SINGAPORE NATIONAL WATER AGENCY. It comprises of a tunnel conveyance system of approximately 63km of Link Sewers of diameter 0.3-4m and 35km of tunnels of diameter 3-6m, adding resiliency to Phase 1 and adopting lessons learned, focusing on energy usage, operational efficiency and minimisation of land-take. Wet weather flow analysis at sample pumping station. 2012; Eftekharzadeh et al. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The inclusion of isolation gates is unique and prompted by the mandate to increase resilience relative to system failures in a setting where the consequences of failures could be devastating. DTSS phase II will extend the tunnel system to the west of Singapore through a 30km-long south tunnel, 70km of link sewers, the Tuas WRP and a 12km deep-sea outfall. The model covered both the existing DTSS1 and the proposed DTSS2 systems, as shown in Figure2. Main Contractors: Kumagai. 2017); the Southeast Collector in Toronto, Canada; the Thames Tideway Tunnel in London, England (Crawford et al. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Immediately downstream of the gate stainless steel cladding will be used. This is a condition that can be called well ventilated sewer and a formulation (briefly summarized below) was developed to assess this air flow (Brocard et al. These capacities are provided here to provide an indication of the air flows involved, and they may change during final design. Leighton Asia, has been awarded a Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 contract by PUB, Singapore's national water agency. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. NEWater will eventually meet up to 55% of our water demand in future. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. DTSS Phase 2 deep tunnels will be a showcase of cutting edge technologies and advanced smart sensors at work. D. Brocard, S. J. Gan, L. Y. Koh, T. W. Tan, W. I. Cox, T. Schellhase, L. L. Woo, S. H. Lo, S. Cheng, S. H. Loh, V. Perumal; Deep tunnel sewerage system phase 2 hydraulics. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. Once the gate is secured at the assembly position, a mobile crane will be used to remove the drum hoist and the gate modules. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As appropriate for open channel flow, the model was operated according to Froude scaling law. Year 2060 dry weather flow maximum and minimum levels. The OCFs and AJs were sized to handle dry weather as well as wet weather conditions from the estimated system commissioning in 2027 up to year 2100. Revenue to Leighton Asia, which is part of CIMIC Group construction company CPB Contractors, is approximately A$470 million. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEWER TUNNELS FOR THE DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM PHASE 2 PROJECT. Aiding in the initial planning definition phase comprising: The gate modules will then be cleaned, inspected, and stored for future re-use. For the DTSS2 project the items of interest were: Analysis and evaluation of a range of DTSS2 tunnel configurations, including single and dual tunnels with gravity flow (and a downstream pumping station) or siphon flow. The ability of the vortex drop to replace the air jumpers was investigated. The used water is then treated and further purified into ultra-clean, high-grade reclaimed water known as NEWater, with excess treated effluent discharged to the sea through an outfall. Then the drum hoist will lower the gate to the bottom of the shaft. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. It does not store any personal data. When isolation is no longer required, the drum hoist will be used to raise the gate. During the project, the client faced water . The new Tuas WRP and an advanced NEWater factory are the main elements of DTSS Phase II. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Option 1 was ascertained to be most cost-effective, but tunnel isolation alone would not prevent system spillage and therefore, cross connections were added to the isolation capability (Option 2). The OCFs will treat the air extracted from the deep tunnel at that particular shaft including air from the incoming link sewers, as shown in Figure8. Get the latest updates in our Mar newsletter. A total of 19 Tunnel Boring Machines will be used for the DTSS Phase 2 project, to dig at depths of between 35m and 55m below ground and seabed, to create deep tunnels and link sewers that. The co-location will also be the first facility of its kind in the world that was planned from the ground-up. Hydraulic modelling results provided key inputs for air flow modelling, to identify the capacity of the required air management facilities, and for surge analyses, to identify potential surge issues and the need for emergency vents. The different failure scenarios were simulated in the hydraulic model individually and in combination to identify the optimum suite of resilience measures. The governing equation for the air flow is: The above equation can be used to simulate the conditions of full ventilation (no head gradient along the sewer) by setting H/X = 0. 1223 angel number love. Get in touch if you would like to find out more or have any questions. For DTSS2, the head-based modelling approach was used (Brocard et al. Tuas Water Reclamation Plant (TWRP) is the worlds largest water reclamation facility at 1800 MLD, Return of about 100 hectares of very valuable land that can be redeployed for other use. To maximize the potential synergies of the water-energy-waste nexus, the co-location of Tuas WRP and the Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) marks Singapores first initiative to integrate used water and solid waste treatment processes. With a head of up to 43 m upstream, the velocity of the flow under the gate will be in the order of 30 m/s and this requires special attention to ensure that damage to the tunnel liner will not occur. Phase 2 consisting of networks of Link Sewers and Tunnels will extends the deep tunnels to serve the western part of Singapore. 2015). . The following options were considered and optimized: Option 0: Single tunnel, with spur tunnel connection to the North Tunnel, Option 1: Single tunnel + section isolation, Option 2: Single tunnel + section isolation + link sewer cross-connections. In contrast with tunnels designed to store overflows in combined sewer systems, the DTSS tunnels convey used-water all the time from Singapore's separated system. brazier cooking; scottsdale obituaries; america express 2022 antena 1 . The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) was conceptualised in the 1990s as a sustainable, cost-effective solution to meet Singapore's used water collection, treatment, reclamation and disposal needs in the long run. Flow re-routing during segment isolation. The whole of Singapore will be served by the DTSS when Phase 2 is complete by 2025. This can be seen as the opposite of the well ventilated sewer. This roller gate system will ensure proper gate alignment to minimise frictional forces when lowering or raising the gates. The wet weather flows were subsequently increased to account for global climate change, which may results in an increase of storm intensities and I/I. The dual tunnel option (Option 3), although it obtained higher benefits score in the cost-benefit analysis, was eliminated because of its highest risk-weighted costs. 40 kilometers of deep tunnels running largely under the Ayer Rajah Expressway, that will connect with the existing used water infrastructure to create one seamless and integrated system, 60 kilometers of link sewers that create an interconnected network to channel used water from the existing sewerage pipelines to the deep tunnels, Outfall to discharge treated effluent into the sea, Feasibility study, preliminary design and programme management. DTSS2 is the second phase of this project, comprising an approximately 30-km long South Tunnel, a 10-km long Industrial Tunnel, 60-km of Link Sewers and a new Water Reclamation Plant integrated with a NEWater facility. Due to weight and logistical requirements, the gates will be fabricated in modular form and stored offsite. Leighton Asia is delivering Contract T-09 of the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 Project, which includes design and construction of approximately 7.9km of used water tunnels, each with an internal diameter of six metres, as well as shafts, hydraulic structures and other facilities associated with the used water sewerage conveyance system. 2011), head-based modelling (Brocard et al. 2009), physical modelling (Lyons et al. However, additional measures were found necessary to meet the system containment criteria set forth by Singapore National Water Agency, Public Utilities Board (PUB). Validation of the 3 Water Reclamation Plants (3-WRP) concept (at Kranji, Changi and Tuas see Figure1). In support of Singapores long-term approach towards water resilience, AECOM and its joint venture partner teamed up with PUB, Singapores national water agency, to deliver a sustainable solution for used water management. To be conservative a Manning's coefficient of 0.013, representative of aged conditions, was used for the tunnels. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is a core used water infrastructure which provides a cost-effective and sustainable solution to support Singapores continued growth and meet its long-term used water infrastructure needs. In this case, the air flow is constant with distance. Tunnel excavation will be carried out by tunnel boring machines. The air management system included several odour control facilities and air jumpers to avoid escape of odorous air from the system and the isolation gates requires detailed hydraulic analyses to cater to the high heads involved. This was the first rock fissure grouting in Singapore and was carried out with the help of our Global Product Team and prior experience in Malaysia. It amounted to a total of S$3.4 billion. Of particular importance was the specification of the influent flows to the system. . Tunnel Engineer. Phase 1 of DTSS, which serves the eastern part of Singapore, was completed in 2008. Used water will be conveyed from the DTSS via gravity to . The contractors were appointed following a pre-qualification and tender exercise in mid-2016, with the three contracts valued at a total of S$1.51bn. Phase 1 of DTSS, which serves the eastern part of Singapore, was completed in 2008. For the realization of projects in tunnel construction, Strabag relies on individually designed machines from Progress Maschinen & Automation, a Progress Group company. The ramping up of pumps should lag behind the flow increase to allow some attenuation of small wet weather events and smoothing of the impact to the WRP processes. The reliance modelling showed that the connectivity between DTSS Phases 1 and 2 via the extension of the Spur Tunnel (Option 0) provides an enhanced level of resilience, by allowing some flow transfer from the North Tunnel to the South Tunnel. DTSS Phase 1 was completed in 2008 and comprised construction of a 48km-long gravity-fed deep sewer tunnel to a new water reclamation plant at Changi (Fig 2). The drum hoist will first lift the gate to allow removal of the support beams. The existing conventional WRPs at Ulu Pandan and Jurong, as well as intermediate pumping stations, will be progressively phased out and the land freed up for higher value development. Because of the variations in air flow requirements, two-speed fans are proposed, controlled by pressure measurements in the tunnels and link sewers. In this attenuated mode of operation, the South Tunnel would be used for storage, with its water level rising during the day and declining at night, as shown in Figure7. Construction is scheduled to commence in October 2017 and complete by mid-2023. 39 days from submission to first decision on average. MODULAR STAIRCASE & TEMPORARY STRUCTURES. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is aimed at providing a robust and efficient means of catering to Singapore's used-water needs. CFD and physical modeling of isolation gate removal provided information to assist in the design of the tunnel liner downstream of the gates to avoid damage due to the high flow velocities under the gates. DTSS Phase 2 comprises the following components: Upon completion, the DTSS scheme will result in a reduction in land taken by used-water infrastructure with three centralised collection and treatment points: Changi WRP in the east; Kranji WRP in the north; and Tuas WRP in the west. Collection system modelling is commonly undertaken for large wastewater tunnelling projects, whether for storage or conveyance purposes (Lind et al. For the hydraulic analysis, a set of 11 tunnel failure scenarios was developed see Figure3, as well as extreme wet weather events. Two 3.0m diameter slurry TBMs and three 3.3m diameter slurry TBMs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Client: Public Utility Board Singapore (PUB), Singapore's National Water Agency. Analysis of system failure scenarios for identification of resilience measures, Preliminary assessment of self-cleansing capacity and subsequent sediment transport modelling. With Phase 1 of the project completed in 2008, Phase 2 will be delivered via a number of works packages to eventually complete 40km of deep tunnels and 60km of link sewers, along with associated hydraulic structures and air management facilities. The DTSS Phase 2 project is making steady progress. Long profile of water level and velocities four minutes after the start of gate opening. The incoming air flows in the link sewers were estimated by assuming well-ventilated conditions, i.e. To maximize the potential synergies of the water-energy-waste nexus, the co-location of Tuas WRP and the Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) marks Singapores first initiative to integrate used water and solid waste treatment processes. The variations of air pressure in the deep tunnel were calculated for a range of conditions, including dry and wet weather, and air flows of the odour control facilities were adjusted to ensure a small negative pressure would be maintained in the deep tunnel. The DTSS concept uses deep tunnels to intercept the flows in existing sewers for conveyance by gravity to centralized Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs). The first gate module will be lowered onto the support beams. 2012). Under the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 (DTSS2) Project, deep shaft excavations are carried out at numerous locations in the south and south-western part of Singapore. Aiding in the initial planning definition phase comprising: Overall programme management for Phase 2 alongside PUB, Minimising land take whilst freeing up existing land through decommissioning of old parts, Maximising integration with existing infrastructure through cross connection and linkages, Minimising personnel and energy usage through use of sustainable energy and technology, State-of-the-art practices and processes benchmarked against other local and international projects, Integration of the Tuas WRP with the co-located Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) to fully utilise the water/energy nexus, resulting in lower overall operation costs, New South Tunnel and a state-of-the-art Water Reclamation Plant at Tuas to compliment infrastructure in Phase 1. Air/water velocity ratios for ventilated sewers. 2012), assuming that the air flow is mainly controlled by the shear stresses between the air and the tunnel wall and between the air and the flowing water surface, as shown schematically in Figure4. The average performance of this TBM for completing its 2.88 km journey was 28.8 m/day and 347.2 m/month. The cornerstone of the WPAP - Milwaukee's Deep Tunnel System - involved 19.4 miles of Deep Tunnels dug 300 feet underground to help reduce sewer overflows and basement backups. The MIKE URBAN model was used to simulate the 100-year storm to identify the potential trapping of air pockets in the tunnel as the flow increases and two emergency vents were added to the South Tunnel design to safely convey the air to ground level. ENSURING NEWATER SUSTAINABILITY Phase 2 of DTSS extends the existing deep tunnel system to collect used water from the western and southern parts of Singapore. When a section of tunnel requires isolation, the roller gates modules will be transported to the site and assembled within the shaft using a mobile crane and support beams, as shown in Figure10. The CFD modelling was conducted using the FLOW3D code with the RNG k-epsilon turbulence model. The DTSS Phase 2 conveyance system comprises the South Tunnel which conveys domestic used water, the Industrial Tunnel for non-domestic used water and associated link sewers. Leighton Asia is delivering Contract T-09 of the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 Project, which includes design and construction of approximately 7.9km of used water tunnels, each with an internal diameter of six metres, as well as shafts, hydraulic structures and other facilities associated with the used water sewerage conveyance system. Therefore, the objective was to maintain a slight negative pressure in the tunnels. The approach that was selected involves odour control facilities (OCFs) to extract and treat odorous air, and air jumpers (AJs) to convey air from the incoming link sewer to the deep tunnel and to push it along the tunnel to next available OCF.

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